HandcraftedUK : RSS News

Types of Pan Pipes

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 09 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Antara Origin: Somewhere along the Andes! Characteristics: Usually 13 pipes made from bamboo. Curved shape. Interesting Fact: Traditionally played by only men or boys.

Firlinfeu Origin: Unknown. However, popular in the Brianza region of Italy. Characteristics: Curved shape with pipes decreasing in size from left to right. Usually contains around 24 pipes. Interesting Fact: Difficult to obtain outside of Italy, the firlinfeu is kept alive by the "La Primavera" (translation: 'the Spring Group').

Khene Origin: Lao Characteristics: A free reed instrument (air flows past brass or silver placed inside the instrument). Usually between 14-16 pipes. The pipes are all connected with a small, hollowed-out reservoir into which the player blows. Interesting Fact: According to Lao legend, the khene was created by a woman who was trying to imitate the sound of a garawek bird which she heard whilst walking through the forest one day. You can read more about the story here.

Kuvytsi Origin: Ukraine. Characteristics: Contain various numbers of pipes. Many versions exist; the one sided kuvytsi has the pipe lengths in descending order whilst the two-sided has the largest pipe in the centre. Interesting Fact: The oldest kuvytsi ever found is over 5000 years old!

Nai Origin: Romania and Moldova. Invented in the 17th century. Characteristics: Usually 22 pipes made from bamboo or reed. Curved with lower pipes on the left. Interesting Fact: Often found in gypsy tarafs throughout Moldova.

Paixiao Origin: Ancient China. The earliest surviving sample dates back to 6th century BC. Characteristics: Differs from South American and European panpipes as the holes at the top are cut at an angle. This allows the pitch to be 'bent'. Usually 16 tubes. Interesting Fact: The Paixiao died out in ancient times but recent interest has seen the instrument being reborn during the 20th century.

Siku (also known as the Zampo�a) Origin: Peru. Characteristics: Many different varieties but often made from bamboo and contain 13 pipes. Pipes split over two rows which the player must alternate between. Interesting Fact: It is tradition that two people usually play the different rows on the same siku.

So, there are seven of the most popular pan pipe variations that can be found across the world. There are literally hundreds (if not thousands?) of different types of pan pipes so it would have been impossible to cover all of them! However, I hope those explained above whet your appetite to investigate this amazing instrument further.

Reprint Rights

You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to the pan pipes on HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Images courtesy of:
http://thaoworra.blogspot.com (Khene)
http://www.bandura.net (Kuvytsi)
http://arts.cultural-china.com (Paixiao)

Origin of the Pan Pipes

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 21 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Pan Pipes (otherwise known as the Pan Flute) are an ancient instrument considered to be over 6000 years old. The instrument may have perhaps been born when tribes living near to rivers used the hollow plants growing nearby to turn into instruments. In truth, nobody can be sure! The earliest forms of pan pipes found in Oceania show evidence that they were constructed from one single pipe. In fact, some of these early pipes can still be found in some of the indigenous tribes from Papa New Guinea. It is believed the pipes grew more complex with wider note ranges as people began to learn about tonal differences. The pan pipes began to be constructed of longer and more numerous tubes to reflect these new findings.

Example of Peruvian Panpipes

The earliest documented pan pipe finding comes from the pre-Colombian civilizations in South America. In Cahuachi, Peru a set of pan pipes dating as far back as 42BC have been found. Pan pipes dating back to 32BC have also been unearthed nearby in the Chilca district. These pan pipes were made from many different materials (e.g. bone, reed, bamboo) and used in indigenous music, religious ceremonies and for dancing. And, archaeological records suggest the pan pipes from this region originated from the Aymare and Quechua civilisations and spread throughout South America and North America via trade routes.

There is evidence of pan pipes being played during the Ptolemaic Dynasty in ancient Egypt (332 - 30BC). This comes in the form of many small figurines depicting individuals playing early forms of pan pipes. An amusing anecdote is that Cleopatra VII's father, Ptolemy XII, earned the nickname of 'Auletes' (Greek for flute player), because he spent all his time playing pan pipes and neglecting his duties!

An old set of pan pipes

On the European continent, a set of pan pipes dating from 2500BC were found on the Cyclades Islands in the Aegean Sea. In 146BC when Rome conquered Greece they adopted many aspects of their culture and made it their 'own'. The pan pipes (or syrinx as it was called in Greek culture) is an example in that they adopted the instrument but gave it the new name 'auenis'. An interesting find was unearthed recently in the ancient city of Pompeii. After being buried underneath the volcano ash from Mount Vesuvius in 79AD, many of the items covered were preserved. Of these items frescos have been discovered which depict people playing the pan pipes. This demonstrates that pan pipes had become a part of Roman culture and were being played by the peoples.

Whilst we are on the subject, it might be of interest to explain why the pan pipes were referred to as the syrinx by the Greeks. Well, according to Greek mythology the God, Pan, fell in love with a nymph called Syrinx. She rejected him and retreated to the riverside turning into a reed to disguise herself from the following God. Pan could not find Syrinx and in his sadness cut the reed to make an instrument!

Chinese figure playing the pai xiao

During the same period that the syrinx was being played in Greece and Rome, pan pipes were being played in China. The pai xiao was reported to be used in court ensembles and religious rituals. Evidence of their existence comes from an excavation of an 11th century BC tomb in Luyi, Henan Provence where a pai xiao constructed of over 30 pipes was among the funery goods discovered.

Two early forms of pan pipes can be found upon the African continent, the nyanja and the ngororombe. These pan pipes are still being played in the African countries of Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The origins of the ngororombe can be traced back to the Shona people who built the Great Zimbabwe kingdom (13-15th centuries BC). They still play the pan pipes to this day!

The British Museum in London has a stone bas-relief from India dating back to the Ganhara period (1st-5th centuries AD). This bas-relief depicts women making music on a syrinx, double aulos' and drum. So, a version of the pan pipes were also being played on the Indian continent many centuries ago.

Evidence of pan pipes constructed by the Viking's have also been found recently in York, England. These are unusual from the form of pan pipes that we are familiar with today as they were made from a solid block of wood in which holes were drilled. The discovery of these pipes confirms that pan pipes were being used in Northern Europe sometime between the 5th - 15th centuries AD. Perhaps the Vikings may even have encountered them during their many voyages or raids!

In more recent history, the African-American slaves were considered to have introduced a version of the pan pipes (known as 'the quills') into the United States during the late 18th century. The quills were first mentioned in recounts of plantation slave histories and, lack of evidence for these pipes existing in the region before this period suggest that it was these slaves that bought them into North American shores. The quills are still being used within United States folk music to this day.

So pan pipes were constructed and played by many different cultures throughout the world. From ancient civilisations through to those in the modern world there seems to have been a construction of pan pipes popular upon every continent. Nobody can be sure of the exact origins, if indeed there are any, but it is safe to say that since they came into being pan pipes have been a popular instrument from the inception and will, hopefully, continue to be so.

Reprint Rights

You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to the pan pipes on HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Different Styles of Russian Dolls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Tue, 23 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0000

As something that appeals to a wide range of people, it's only natural there be a wide variety of styles of Russian Dolls to cater for varying tastes. As well as needing to appeal to a spectrum of different people, the style of Russian Dolls also varies depending upon the personal style of the artist that paints them. This guarantees that there is a great choice of dolls available in the marketplace for the consumer, each with it's own unique theme. There are thousands of different painting designs available, however most of them will belong to one of the following themes:

Traditional

The Russian dolls that probably most people are familiar with. These are usually painted with the face of a female with a body painted with pretty floral patterns.

Animals

Russian dolls painted with the images of animals can go with a cartoon feel or, a realistic painted image (left).

Christmas

Obviously popular during the winter months, Russian Dolls painted with a Christmas theme feature the paintings of anything traditionally associated with the festive season. For example, these Santa Russian Dolls.

Musicians

For music fans they can find Russian Dolls of their favourite artist or band. For example, these sets of Beatles Russian Dolls are popular throughout the world.

Television and Films

Russian Dolls featuring the images of iconic figures associated with television and film are widely available. These Charlie Chaplin dolls are an example of Russian Dolls from this genre.

Religion

No matter what the religion, you�re almost sure to find a Russian Doll depicting something from yours. These Christian themed Russian Dolls are an example.

Political

Especially popular during the Soviet era, political Russian dolls are still some of the most popular available.

Sports

Russian Dolls featuring the images of sports people and events are easy to find. They are more prominent during high-profile events such as the world cup and Olympics.

I�m sure there are many other styles of Russian Dolls that are available to collect however, I think these cover the most popular themes. If you can think of some dolls that have not been covered or, would like to comment on this post then it would be great if you could share your thoughts and post a comment below.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to the Russian Dolls listed on HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Images supplied by: greatrussiagifts.com, ladyoksanablog.com, listsgalore.blogspot.com, nesting-dolls.blogspot.com

Vacation scams and how to avoid them

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Mon, 22 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0000

My biggest blunder happened in Rome several years ago. After arriving late to the city via train (surprise, surprise), my buddy and I checked in to our hotel around midnight. Weary but still adventuresome, we decided to take a stroll to see what a Wednesday night in the eternal city had to offer. Upon approaching a street corner, a seemingly lost looking fellow grabbed our attention and, in slightly accented English, asked if we knew where a certain street was (sorry, I forget its name). Well, we just happened to pass by it while walking, so we pointed him in the right direction. He proceeded by telling us that he was a business man in town for the night and heading to a Piano Bar recommended by his hotel concierge..."Would we like to join him?" he asked. He seemed like a good enough chap, so we joined, chatted while walking, and found the place.

We entered the bar, moved to the back room, and sat. As if on cue, three very scantily clad ladies joined us at our table. A waiter poured them some champagne. They started talking with us, and gradually began losing more of their clothing. Sensing my friend's scepticism, we nodded at each other and announced our need to return to our hotel. As we got up to leave, a rather large male approached us and handed us a piece of paper that simply stated "Bill" at the top, with "$250 For the Ladies Champagne" written at the bottom. We each had $20 with us, which we reluctantly forked over, and thankfully the guy believed that we had no other access to funds. We skedaddled, realizing in the end that our street corner friend was a scamming recruiter for this little brothel house. Hook, line, and sinker, we fell for it.

My advice - Day or night, unless you know the person who approaches you or are connected to him via a group in some way, do not follow. And if you do, ALWAYS tell him/her that you're part of a larger group, that the group knows your general whereabouts, and that they are expecting you to return shortly....this was the only leverage that we had when later negotiating with the big guy who looked like a professional torturer.

Ricco Ardemagni, NYC

My husband and I were on our honeymoon in Cozumel, Mexico; we rented a car for the trip. We were actually warned of this scam beforehand, but were not properly prepared. When we pulled in to a gas station, 5 or 6 guys ran over to the car and wouldn't let us pump our own gas despite our protests. One of them stood directly in front of the pump to block the price. They told the amount we owed, and there was nothing we could do about it. They weren't mean or threatening in any way, but we had no choice but to pay the amount without knowing how much gas was put in and what the actual price should be.

My advice to others would be to use a gas station where you see customers pumping their own gas, or just wave a $5 bill at them and tell them it's all you have.

Dan and Lauren Milligan, Cozumel, Mexico

My wife and I went to Mexico.
Hurricane ensued.
3 days later after no electricity she freaked and said we need to rent a car. We argued because I'm a white guy in Mexico renting a car. And I didn't think it was a good idea.
We rent a car.
5 minutes into driving I'm pulled over by cops in a pickup truck.
They ask me to step out of the car and begin to arrest me because I was speeding, swerving and not wearing a seat belt.
I was doing 10mph and swerving to avoid trees and coconuts in the road from the hurricane.
I ask why they were arresting me and they said I had to pay 150.00 fine at the police station. I asked if I could pay 100.00 now, they asked to step off the street and went on the sidewalk to avoid anyone seeing us. I already had 100.00 bill in my hand. They took it and sent me on my way.
We turned around and took the car right back.
Rental car 55.00. Time in rental car 5 minutes.� Cost of "excursion" 155.00. Not spending a night in a Mexican jail...Priceless!

My wife was travelling in Spain and stopped at a red light. Someone knocked on her passenger window and kept pointing towards and saying "tire flat tire flat"� She got out of the car to look and they opened up the passenger door and took her purse off the seat.

Pickpockets are everywhere. Use a money pouch that hangs from your neck under your shirt or around your belly.� The most common forms of theft occur in your hotel room. Leave nothing of value in your room or in its safe. Take it with you.�� Unfortunately travellers are targets because they look out of place. However, by blending in with the locals style of dress will help. Have a constant awareness 50-100 feet around the perimeter of your body and expect people to try to distract you while they remove your wallet or bag that's sitting next to you. Hyper awareness while travelling lets you see 10 times more of the environment for both entertainment and security value.

Robert Siciliano, SafteTravelSecurity.com

My husband and I were in a park in the tourist section of Mexico City when a young man in his early 20's approached us. He was an American, well spoken and nicely dressed. He asked for our help. Said he was a student on vacation that had been pulled from a taxi, beaten, and robbed. All his money had been stolen. He even showed me a large bloody wound on the back of his head. He said that his father had wired him money for his plane ticket but he just needed cab fare, $25, to get to the airport.

Since I had been robbed myself a few years before that while on a business trip in Bangkok, I knew how frightening it can be in a foreign country to be without your passport and stranded, so I 'loaned' him $25 and gave him my business card so he could send me a check with the $25 when he got home. (After all, his request for help was so realistic and he only needed a little bit of money.) In the end, I left the park feeling like a Good Samaritan.

The next day, my husband was back in the park taking photographs, when the same young man approached him, asking if he could help him. Before the 'victimized' student could begin his spiel, my husband said, "My wife gave you $25 yesterday. You still need more?" That's when the student aka scam artist left in quite a hurry. Only later when I recounted the story to a clerk at our hotel, did I learn that this was a popular tourist con and I had been scammed.

Don't 'loan' any money to people that tell you hardship stories whilst on vacation!

Diane N. Bates, Loganville, GA.

I spent a blissful week sightseeing in Paris charmed by the people and wowed by the art, history and cuisine. I had saved enough francs to pay our cab driver with paper money and handed him the bills folded together when we arrived at the airport. He then turned to me as I got out of the cab and claimed I had shorted him on the fare. I knew I didn't because I had double counted the bills before handing them to him. Because I had a plane to catch and my bags were still locked in his trunk I paid him more USD because the hassle of calling him on the scam wasn't worth the anxiety. Lesson learned I now tell people to count the bills as they pay their cab drivers when travelling abroad so that this doesn't happen to them.

Stacie Tamaki, The Flirty Guide

When my girlfriend and I took a low-budget tour across Western Europe a few years ago, we ended up pay $60 for what amounted to a 5 min. cab ride in Italy.

We were headed to Rome and used a discount airliner to fly into Ciampino.� Our flight landed at 11pm and all the public transit was closed.� We didn't speak any Italian and we didn't know exactly where our hotel for the night was, so we just hopped into the first available cab and told them the name of the hotel.� The driver took us, literally, around the block and down about 4 streets and then asked us for 40 Euros (US$60 at the time).� We were shocked, but it was late, we were in a foreign place, and we were inexperienced travellers.

What I know now is that in Italy this is a very common practice and cab fare is almost always negotiable as long as you settle on a price BEFORE accepting the ride.� If we'd done our homework, we'd at least have had a better idea of how far we needed to go to get to our hotel and would have just walked.

Tyler Tervooren

Here is my personal experience of a holiday scam:

Whilst on holiday in Cuba a man approached me trying to engage me in conversation.� I said no but then he made me feel bad by saying 'Don't you want to speak to a local?� I'm not trying to sell you anything'.� Feeling bad, I gave him my name, where I was staying and other little bits of information about me.� The man went on his way 5 minutes later.

Later that day a different man approached me and said 'Hey, Gary'.� Shocked he knew my name I started to talk to him and he told me that he was friends with the hotel owner and that he would show me around.� We spent a few hours together where he cleverly made me build up my trust and it got to the point where I needed to withdraw some money from the bank.� In Cuba, they have a separate currency for tourists so my new 'friend' told me he could get me the currency of the locals at a great exchange rate.� I handed over my money and, strangely enough he did come back.

He told me we could visit his grandmother's house but before we were able to he would need to go in and speak to her.� He disappeared around the corner and I never saw him again.� Later, when reporting the incident to the police I found out that the money he had given me was worth virtually nothing.

That was my first major trip abroad and it taught me a lot.� Basically, do not trust anybody no matter who they are.� Sure, become friendly with people but never EVER let down your guard.

Gary Mullen, HandcraftedUK

And finally, just to show there is some good out there here is a positive experience:

My girlfriend and I were on a beach in Antigua where a native looking guy walks up and we buy a necklace.

Anyway, I give him a twenty and he says he has to get change. After he left my girl friend looked at me and told me I was an idiot and that he was not coming back...

I told her that he would be back. She said no way. Somehow I felt I could trust him and that he would be back. After talking with her though I was much less sure of myself.

However, he did come back! I just gave her that look and she mumbled something about it was still stupid. LOL!

I find it interesting that no matter how many times you prove yourself right; they still don't listen to you. LOL!

Hawk

If you have your own story then share it here for everyone to read.

71 Must Know Tips on Travelling Safely....

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 17 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000

Before you leave

1. Check up to 6 months ahead what vaccinations you may need.

2. Photocopy passport and, if possible, save a copy onto your email account.

3. Take recent photographs of your children with you so it will be easier to identify them should you become separated.

4. Get phone number and address for your country's embassy at your destination.

5. Give someone at home contact details for you.

6. Get a comprehensive travel insurance policy.� If you have any existing conditions, check these are not excluded.� Some travel insurance policies exclude acts of terrorism, make sure yours doesn't!

7. Do not buy insurance directly from your agent or airline.� These are often overpriced and by shopping around you can get the same protection for a fraction of the price.

8. Check the weather patterns for time of your visit and plan for this.� Pack appropriate clothing.

9. Stock up on essentials before you leave (sun creams, repellents, medicines etc.) as they may be difficult to obtain at your destination.

10. Check tripadvisor for information regarding your destination.� The forum can provide many useful hints and tips.

11. Check with your country's government body about travel advice to the country you are visiting.

12. Take a compass so you know which direction to head when looking at a map.

13. Take ear plugs in case you have a noisy hotel room.

14. Take a torch.

15. If you are taking a mobile telephone, make sure your operator has unlocked it to work abroad.� Contact them to check.

16. If you are abroad for a while investigate buying a local sim card for your phone.� This can make calls much cheaper.� Make sure your phone is unlocked to accept other operator's sim cards.

17. Take a basic first aid kit.

18. Purchase a personal alarm that emits a loud sound.

19. Take an extra pair of glasses.

20. If you are on medication, take a copy of your prescription with you.� Ensure it is legal to import your prescription medication.

21. Before leaving for your holiday, do a Google search on '(holiday destination) scams'.

22. Before leaving, make a note of the accommodation you will be staying in.� This often needs to be given to customs officials.

23. Before your flight, pack essentials into your carry bag.� This will come in useful should your hold baggage go missing.

24. Do not put home address on luggage tag as this could compromise security.� Use the address of friends/workplace instead.

25. Pack your own bags and do not leave them unattended.

At your Destination

26. Do not approach animals as they may carry disease.

27. Be wary of people who approach you.� Don't let your guard down!

28. Do not reveal any confidential details to anybody.

29. Do not accept drinks from strangers.� If someone insists in buying you one, go to the bar with them and keep a close eye on it!

30. Be wary of strangers who approach you.� They could be scammers!

31. Beware of pick-pockets.� These people often work in pairs and will strike up a conversation with you or create a disturbance of some kind.

32. Respect local customs.� Check what is appropriate behaviour and act accordingly.

33. Respect local dress codes, especially in Islamic countries.

34. Try to dress like a local.� This will make you less of a target to hustlers/thieves and make your holiday more enjoyable.

35. Do not keep valuables on display as this may make you a target for thieves.� If possible, leave any unnecessary valuables at home.

36. Avoid public protests as these can be dangerous.

37. Remain alert, if something feels potentially dangerous then steer clear.

38. If visiting a beach, check it is safe to swim.� If in doubt, do not go into the water.

39. Do not photograph military personnel or installations.� This can get you accused of being a spy and lead to prosecution!

40. Be careful when using taxis.� If possible, use only taxis from registered firms.� If your taxi is unmetered, agree a price before you get in.

41. Buy a phrasebook and map for your destination.

42. Make your children carry a card with your name, hotel and contact details on it.

43. Keep your hand on or draped over your bag at all times.

44. If confronted do not fight back, it's better to lose some valuables than it is your life!

45. If you need to ask directions, ask only people in a position of authority (e.g. Police).

46. Avoid walking and travelling during the night.

47. In hotels, make note of the emergency exit procedures.� If you are unable to find them, ask, if there isn't one...leave!

48. If someone approaches you and claims to be in a position of authority ask for some ID.� It's not unknown for scammers to pretend to be policemen!

49. Avoid anybody approaching you claiming to be a tour guide.� If you need a guide, locate one yourself.

Money

50. Contact your credit card companies before travel.� It's a nuisance to have your card blocked when abroad!

51. Keep a copy of your credit card numbers with someone you can trust at home.� In the event of loss, they can be easily cancelled.

52. Save the phone number of your credit card companies into your mobile telephone so it will be easier to contact them in the event of a loss.

53. Get some of your destinations currency at home. This will make things easier when you arrive at your destination if there are no ATM's.

54. Have some of your local currency ready for when you arrive home.� This comes in useful for airport shops and taxis.

55. Take a small amount of cash and at least two credit cards.

56. Keep credit cards separate from one another.

57. When leaving the hotel only take one card...leave the others in the hotel safe.� Check it is secure.

58. Only carry as much money as you need for each day.

59. Have a dummy wallet with a small amount of cash in it.� This is useful in case you are confronted by a mugger.

60. Carry lots of small change ready to give as tips.

Food and Drink

61. Check if it is safe to drink the water.� If not, buy bottled water when you reach your destination.� Check the seal is unbroken.

62. If water is unsafe, make sure there is no ice in your drink.

63. Take water purification tablets in case you are unable to access bottled water.

64. Avoid foods that have been kept warm, bacteria could thrive on it!

65. Avoid uncooked fruit and vegetables unless you can peel them yourself.

66. Avoid food exposed to flies.

Driving Abroad

67. If driving, do your research on road customs, highway codes and conditions.

68. Check if your current driving licence is accepted.

69. Inspect the condition of the hire vehicle before accepting it.� Bring to attention any bumps and scrapes to the hire company and make sure they note them so that you will not be accused of the damage.

70. Collision damage waiver insurance is essential cover when hiring a car.� Try to buy this from a third party (not the hire company) as you can make huge savings.

Before Coming Home

71. Check what you are allowed to import.� Bringing items home which are not allowed could lead to prosecutions and fines.

I hope you find this list a useful guide on things to consider before you travel.� Of course, the list is not exhaustive and there may be things that you do that have not been covered.� If that is the case, then I encourage you to join in and leave a comment at the bottom of this post.

Reprint Rights

You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Creative uses for Ostrich Feathers

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0000

In ancient times, the Pharaohs of Egypt used to carry fans made from ostrich feathers to protect them from the sun.� It has been documented that Roman Generals used ostrich feathers in their headgear to indicate rank.

Today, ostrich feathers are commonly used as a decoration during important ceremonies such as birthdays, weddings and anniversary parties.� Their versatile and elegant nature makes them a perfect choice for centrepieces.� The feathers can be dyed in a variety of different colours which can be used to create elaborate and eye-catching displays.

Fashion designers have also used ostrich feathers in their clothing and accessories for many years.� The versatility of the feathers allow for truly unique creations.� I know of a lady who creates Burlesque clothing for a living and uses many ostrich feathers in her designs.� And, only recently Sarah Jessica Parker could be seen with an ostrich feather handbag in the Sex and the City movie.

Whilst they have their creative uses, ostrich feathers can also have their practical advantages.� During the early 1900�s the natural oils contained within the feathers were discovered to attract dust particles.� This led to a demand for ostrich feather dusters which originally were viewed as a status symbol but have become a popular household item today.� Those who advocate the use of ostrich feather dusters cite their ability to attract the dust into them without scattering it around the room!

With demand so high for ostrich feathers many people are concerned with how the feathers are obtained.� In the past the ostrich was mainly hunted for its feathers but thankfully many are now farmed humanly.� There are many farms in India and China where the birds are kept until they are ready to shed their feathers and, when they are the feathers are gently plucked by the workers on the farms.� Of course, there are unfortunately some farms where conditions are poor but for the most part the birds are well looked after.

At HandcraftedUK we work closely with our overseas suppliers to ensure that the feathers we obtain are from farms where the birds live in humane conditions and are not harmed for their feathers.

Please visit the following link if you would like to view our ostrich feathers.

Reprint Rights

You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

The History of Kokeshi Dolls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Synonymous with Japanese culture, kokeshi dolls have been produced in Japan since the Japanese Edo period (1600-1868). They were first made by Kiji-shi (wood artisans) in the Miyagi Prefecture in north Japan. These artisans specialised in producing household utensils for the local people but began making small wooden dolls to sell to tourists who came to visit the hot springs in the country. And thus, the kokeshi doll was born!

Over time these hot springs became popular with visitors and grew into spa resorts. With this influx of tourists demand for Kokeshi dolls increased and production grew until they were eventually being made across other spa areas in the Tōhoku Region. An interesting fact is that the dolls were originally known by many different names. It wasn�t until the All-Japan Kokeshi Exhibition in Naruko Onsen, August 1939 that the term �kokeshi� was agreed upon to become the official name of the dolls.

Kokeshi dolls are handmade from wood, have a simple trunk and an enlarged head. Some are painted with fine lines to define facial features. These simple designs have been passed down through many generations of kokeshi artisans and those familiar with the dolls are able to ascertain the towns and cities from where individual dolls are produced.

Originally the kokeshi dolls took a simple form and long cylindrical bodies. Known as the traditional kokeshi, these dolls featured no arms or legs and had rounded heads. Their kimonos were either carved or painted with an array of different designs which all tended to be simple. They were covered with a layer of wax to help protect them from aging and also to give them a nice sheen.

Eventually the traditional kokeshi designs were an inspiration for a new breed of �creative kokeshi�. Developed after the Second World War these dolls feature more complex designs. Many of the dolls have hair, wear more elaborately designed kimonos, feature more expression on their faces and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The creative kokeshi dolls can be found in all Japanese cities however, the majority come from the Gunma Prefecture.

Kokeshi dolls are made from a variety of different woods but the majority are made from cherry or mizuko. Cherry kokeshi dolls are distinguished for their dark appearance, whilst mizuko kokeshi dolls are lighter in colour. Regardless of the wood the kokeshi dolls are made from the wood is left to season for up to five years before it is used to make the dolls. This ensures the wood has matured and the kokeshi dolls will be made as perfect as possible by the artisan!

Today, the kokeshi doll is considered a folk art in Japan. They are highly regarded around the country so much so that since 1954 the Prime Minister of Japan has awarded an annual prize for the best creative kokeshi design.

What started life as a small ornamental doll sold to the odd tourist has grown into a huge industry which now symbolises Japanese culture. And, although the demand for the dolls has increased the craftsmanship that goes into making them has not deteriorated; the dolls are not mass produced on production lines but are still made by hand from artisans that have learned the craft from past generations.

If you would like to see some creative kokeshi dolls please follow the link.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

How to Play a Bodhran

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Thu, 01 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Many people mistakenly believe that to play a bodhran it simply involves hitting it at random to produce a sound. If only it were this easy! In fact, there are various strokes that need to be taken into account as well as rhythm, arrangement and sound dynamics.

It is best to play a bodhran drum whilst seated. This enables you to keep it steady by balancing it on your knee and support it with you upper body and arm. Whilst the bodhran is balanced upon the knee it needs to be supported by placing one hand against the skin behind the drum. Some bodhran�s have a crossbar at the rear of them which can be used to support them. The pressure placed upon the skin by the hand controls the pitch and tone of the sound. Moving the hand from the centre of the drum towards the rim will also produce a higher pitch.

The free hand uses the tipper to strike the drum. Depending upon where in Ireland the Bodhran is being played, the style of the strike varies. The most common method of playing is the �Kerry� style which will be the style we will explore below.

For the basic stroke only the smaller end of the tipper comes into contact with the bodhran. Hold the tipper the same way that you would hold a pen. Twist the arm gently from side to side (almost like you are shaking a tin) being careful not to bend the wrist. Make an arc movement with the tipper so that the head of the tipper hits the drum once on the way down and again on the way up. This is the basic stroke and, with practice you should be able to keep a regular rhythm, tone and volume.

With experience, the stroke can grow more complex so that during the ark movements the upper head can be used to add extra beats between the strokes. It may be beneficial to practice your playing with other musicians who can help you to keep in time with the music.

When using the bodhran to play along with music, the player must time their strikes to the rhythm of the beat. However, the make their playing more expressive the player can syncopate the weaker beats, add double pulses and take �rests� between beats. There are many combinations that can be used for every song; it�s only limited by imagination!

To avoid risk of strain when playing the bodhran it is important that the wrist is kept straight when striking the drum. If it does start to hurt, stop playing and do some hand stretching exercises. If this still doesn�t relieve the pain then put the drum down for the remainder of the day and come back to it another time.

Please visit the following link if you are interested in viewing our bodhran.

You may find this tutorial of interest if you would like to advance your playing technique.

Reprint Rights

You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

The Making of Russian Dolls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Mon, 14 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Many people often ask me how Russian matryoshka dolls are made. With their fascinating artwork and construction the dolls have intrigued many of my customers. So, I thought it was time to share how the matryoshka are produced. And, you may be surprised at just how much work goes into each set!

The first preparations actually start years before the dolls are to be made. The tree from which the dolls are produced (usually lime, birch, aspen or larch) needs to be straight, without any knots and cut down in early autumn or winter, so it holds as little sap as possible. The trunk is then stored to allow it to dry which usually takes 2-3 years. During this drying the Russian dolls are carved to ensure that, once dry, the top and bottom half of each doll fit together perfectly.

When the drying process has been completed the Russian dolls are ready to be grained and primed. After this, all the fun creative things can happen! The artist will first draw with pencil the eyes, face and clothing on each doll. When the drawing has been completed the artist will check their work to ensure it meets their quality standards. If not, the doll is then redrawn until the artist is satisfied. After the drawings are finished the artist will then use acrylic paint to complete the doll and give it its individual character. Occasionally, a pattern is burned into the doll before it is painted.

An artist at work painting her dolls

A lacquer is then applied to each Russian doll to protect it from discolouration. This ensures that the doll will age well and the quality will not deteriorate over time. The lacquer also protects the dolls from dust and gives them a fine sheen.

When buying a Russian doll the quality of its craftsmanship should be examined. Each doll should fit into one another easily and each half of the doll should require a little force to separate them. If the dolls do this then they have been well made.

There are thousands of different Russian dolls available around the world. Each with its own unique artist, character and feel. Please follow the link if you would like to see some of Russian Dolls stocked at HandcraftedUK.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

The Health Benefits of Chinese Baoding Balls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 29 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0100

A Brief History

In order to gain an understanding of the use of the Baoding ball it is necessary to explore its history. The Chinese balls get their name the region in which they were invented; Baoding, China. The Baoding balls are first recorded as being used during the Ming dynasty which ruled China from 1368 for three centuries. They were originally presented to the emperor of the dynasty by a blacksmith who gave them as a gift to be used solely by the imperial family.

An example of a set
of Chinese Balls

Use of Chinese balls for health

Over the years the use of Chinese balls spread throughout the Chinese empire so they could be used by all the citizens. Champions for the use of Chinese balls claim that use of them promotes many health benefits. Support for these benefits come from many varied sources including:

Chinese alternative medicine practitioners. In Chinese medicine the fingertips are considered to be linked to the heart. By stimulating the fingertips using Chinese Balls, the vibrating connection with the pressure points stimulates the central nervous system, improves brain functioning, removes worries, increases energy, reduces high blood pressure and, relieves arthritis in the hands. So, from only this one source we can see how something so simple can hold so many benefits to our health!

Also in China, it is not uncommon to see Tai Chi and Qi Hong practitioners using Chinese balls during their exercises. Their reasons for this, amongst others, is that the concentration required to use Baoding balls helps to improve one�s concentration, self-control and, wellbeing. Walking around any park in China you are likely to see those practising these arts using the Chinese balls to synchronise with their body movements.

Even today, many doctors in China will prescribe the use of Chinese balls to patients who report fatigue. The theory is that using the Baoding balls will activate the pressure points in the hand to increase the flow of internal energy.

Even those who do not practise Chinese alternative medicine or the martial arts report many benefits to their health from using Chinese balls. These include:

- Improved memory
- Relaxed muscles and joints
- Stress relief
- Improved sleep

Some Baoding balls are made with small bumps on the surface. Many users believe that when these bumps make contact with the skin the pressure helps to improve blood circulation.

How to use Chinese Balls

The health benefits of using Baoding balls has been outlined above, now we will examine how the Chinese balls are to be used. Baoding balls come in many different sizes, anywhere between 35mm and 100mm in diameter. When the size of the balls increases, the difficulty of using them grows more complex. For this reason many new to the use of Chinese Balls choose to start with balls of 50mm and increase the size when they have gained more experience.

The aim is to rotate the balls in one hand without allowing them to touch one another. When the user grows more confident with using them then more and larger balls can be added. It has been known for some experienced users to rotate 3 or sometimes 4 balls in one hand! This increase in difficulty requires improved hand and arm strength, concentration and dexterity; a few more of the benefits associated with Chinese Balls.

Over the centuries the Chinese Baoding ball has retained a strong presence in improving health in Chinese therapies. Use of the balls is now widespread throughout the world with many users reporting health benefits from using Chinese balls. With a world relying on medicine and drugs, this alternative health practice has stood the test of time.

If you have found this article of interest, you might be interested to see the Chinese Balls held by HandcraftedUK.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Sergiev Posad - Home of the Russian Doll

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 10 Jun 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Located around 45 miles from Moscow, Sergiev Posad is a beautiful city which is noted for, amongst other things, it's beautiful buildings and as the birthplace of Russian Dolls (also known as Matryoshka).� This article will explore two of the most important buildings in the city and also why the city is considered the toy-making capital of Russia.

Sergiev Posad is home to the most important of all the Russian monasteries.� The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius is a grand building which dates back to 1345 where it was built by one of the most respected Russian saints, Sergius of Randonezh.� The monastery quickly became one of the most important in Russia and is now the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church.� From its humble beginnings in 1345 the monastery was extended over the centuries with the most notable addition being the Assumption Cathedral which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559.� This Cathedral took over twenty-six years to construct and today houses over 300 monks.

View of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius

Another important building in Sergiev Posad is the Museum of Toys.� This museum celebrates a city which has risen to become the largest wooden toy producer in Russia.� The city has been producing wood carvings and toys for centuries and some of these toys are exhibited in the museum.� Perhaps the most famous of the toys are Russian dolls.� These dolls were invented by a painter who worked in a crafts workshop in the city.� These very first Russian dolls can today be seen at the museum which first opened in 1918.

After the first Russian dolls were produced they became instantly popular and were in demand throughout the rest of the country.� This saw production of all toys within Sergiev Posad boom during the nineteenth century with the city housing thousands of craftspeople producing all kinds of toys (including Russian dolls).� Today, the dolls are as popular as ever and there are still thousands of craftspeople in the city who are involved with making the toys.� In fact, there are still two working toy factories in the city and even special schools that train their students on the art of making Russian dolls.

Many of the toys are produced in these factories but, perhaps even more are made from those craftspeople that work in their own homes.� One such lady is our friend, Elena Beytane.� Working from her home in the city, Elena has been making her Russian dolls since she was a teenager.� Like most of the craftspeople in the city, she lets her emotions guide the style of painting for each doll.� For those craftspeople that create Russian dolls, they believe that by letting their emotions guide their work then each doll actually becomes an extension of themselves.� This ensures that each Russian doll is unique to that artist and no two dolls are ever the same.

Sergiev Posad is an important city in Russia.� It is not only the home of the Russian Orthodox Church but is also home to the largest toy producing city in the country, producing crafts that both young and old enjoy.

Please follow the link if you would like to see some of Elena's Russian dolls.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

History of Russian Dolls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 06 May 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The Beginning

During the 1890's a painter of Russian folk crafts, Sergei Maliutin produced the world's first matryoshka doll. He was inspired to make the dolls as, when visiting the Japanese island of Honsu he came into possession of the Japanese 'fukuruma' doll. These dolls depicted an old Japanese man doll which inside contained nesting dolls which decreased in size. Maliutin decided to draw a Russian version of the doll in his workplace 'The Children's Education Workshop' on the Abramtsevo estate. This workshop was owned by Savva Mamontov.

The name of the dolls comes from the Russian name 'Matryona' which was a popular name for peasant women in old Russia.

After his death, Mamontov's wife exhibited the first matryoshka dolls during the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The dolls were instantly popular and earned a bronze medal from the exhibition. This ensured that Russian dolls became well known throughout the world and demand for them increased.

An example of some Russian Dolls

After the World Exhibition

The Children's Education Workshop was closed soon after the first matryoshka's were made so production of the dolls moved to the city of Sergiev-Posad. Here the dolls were made in many different styles and the images on them can reflect a time in history. For example, during the Soviet Union era many Russian dolls were painted with images of Soviet leaders. The size of each doll would often correspond to how long each leader had been in power. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many different images appeared on the dolls including people, animals and nature.

The dolls have become associated with fertility and motherhood. It is not uncommon to see a smiling mother-like figure as the large doll with her children contained inside her.

The dolls which started out in a small workshop in Russia have are now proving popular throughout the world. With their interesting history and varied styles the matryoshka doll has been embraced across different cultures.

Please check out our range of Russian Dolls.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

History of the Bodhran

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Tue, 24 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Where does the Bodhran come from?

As explained, there is no concrete evidence to pinpoint from where the bodhran emerged. However, there are a couple of theories which are considered to be the most probable answers. These two theories are:

1. The bodhran was invented in Ireland. At first, it was not used as a musical instrument. Instead, the bodhran was used for carrying, storage and serving food. It may also have been used on farms to sift grains from the chaff.

2. The bodhran originated from either Africa or Asia. It was then introduced into Ireland through established trading routes and Celtic migrations. Those who support this theory explain how ancient drums similar to the bodhran have been found within African and Asian cultures.

A painted bodhran drum.

Regardless of which, if either, theory is correct the bodhran has been embraced by Celtic culture. The instrument has a long history in Ireland. It was used during the Irish Rebellion of 1603 in which Gaelic forces fought against the forces of English Queen, Elizabeth I. Evidence suggests that the Gaelic forces used the bodhran to provide cadence for the pipers and soldiers to keep to. It was also used to announce the arrival of an army into battle.

In Ireland, the bodhran is also a popular instrument that is played during harvest festivals, St. Stephen's Day, and in mummers plays (Irish folk plays) where the wren boys traditionally beat bodhran drums.

Origin of the Name

As with the origin of the instrument, there are various theories as to where the name derives. Some believe it to have originated from the Irish word, bodhor, which translated means 'soft sounding'. The word bodhran could also have had its origins in the similar Irish word, bodhar, which means 'deaf'. As with everything about this instrument, it's a bit of a mystery!

Modern History

Although considered an old instrument, the bodhran has only become popular within the last forty years. This is mainly thanks to the Irish composer, Se�n � Riada, who many credit with the re-igniting of public interest in traditional Irish music. During the 1960's, his groups would play many traditional instruments, including the bodhran, which until then had decreased in popularity. However, once their music was heard around the world the public once again became interested in the traditional music and its instruments.

Although it is an instrument of mysterious origins, it cannot be denied that the bodhran has now become popular throughout the world. The instrument is enjoyed by many different people across many different countries.

Here is our collection of bodhran.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

An Introduction to the Didgeridoo

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 04 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Early History

We should start by saying that the didgeridoo has not always been known by the same name. In fact, within the different Native Australian cultures that initially produced the instrument it was known by no fewer than 45 different names. The Yolngu people are one such culture that still produces the instrument to this day. Inhabitants of NE Arnhem Land, the Yolngu people know the didgeridoo by the name of 'yidaki'. The yidaki were made from a variety of eucalyptus woods including 'stringybark' and 'woolybutt'. The yidaki maker would examine many trees to find one that was perfect to make a yidaki; it needed to be naturally hollowed inside by termites. To check if the eucalyptus was hollowed sufficiently, the yidaki maker would hit the bark with his hand or a tool to see if the wood was suitably hollowed. If not, the tree would be left for a later date.

Many Native Australian cultures used the didgeridoo during their religious ceremonies. The music from the didgeridoo was used to accompany singing and dancing during these rituals and, the instrument could only be played by men. The style of play was passed down from the generations and, this style is still difficult for the western player to replicate. Although women were not encouraged to play the didgeridoo they were able to do so in informal situations.

An example of some didgeridoos

It wasn't until the 1920's that the term 'didgeridoo' came into widespread use. Its origins stem from Herbert Basedow who was an Australian anthropologist that spent much time living with various Native Australian peoples. He is believed to have named the instrument after the sound that is produced whilst the instrument is being played.

The Contemporary Didgeridoo

It is only in recent times that the didgeridoo has become popular throughout the western world. As recently as the 1930's the didgeridoo was known only in a small area of the Northern Territory in Australia. It was improvements in infrastructure, transport and trade links that usage of the didgeridoo started to spread across the world, becoming a major instrument in the west only within the last 30 years.

Many didgeridoos are still produced using the traditional methods used by the Native Australians centuries ago. However, with its widespread appeal there have come new ways to produce the instrument. Some of the materials used to craft the modern didgeridoo are teak, bamboo, hemp, cactus and plastic. In fact, didgeridoos can be found in almost any material! However, many indigenous Australians believe only the native craftsmen have the spirit to produce a genuine didgeridoo and, this spirit is transferred into the instruments they produce. All other didgeridoos are said to lack this native spirit.

In 2006, the British Medical Journal asked a group of sleep apnea suffers (snorers!) to play the didgeridoo for 25 minutes a day over a 4 month period. The results showed that the group experienced improved breathing during the night and that their snoring had decreased. These improvements were attributed to the strengthening of their airways.

From a traditional instrument used by a few native peoples, the didgeridoo has stood the test of time over thousands of years. It has now become a popular instrument throughout the world and this ancient instrument has recently been shown to provide a very modern cure to snoring!

If you are interested in a didgeridoo then please take a look at our didgeridoo instruments.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Caring for Ostrich Feathers

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Tue, 27 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000

Storing Ostrich Feathers

Ostrich feathers will thrive if certain storage conditions are met. We have found that feathers stored between temperatures of 15-23�C (59-73�F) perform very well. In fact, the higher the temperature the better as it means there is less humidity in the air. Over time, humidity can damage the ostrich feathers which means their life span will be shortened. So, it is best to keep the room temperature as close to 23�C as possible.

That's the room temperature covered but, what should the ostrich feathers be stored in? Although standard card is often used for the storage of feathers this is not recommended because, over time, the acidity in the card can have an adverse affect on the feathers. The best way to store ostrich feathers is in an acid free cardboard box (PH neutral). These boxes not only prevent any acidity aging the ostrich feathers but also protects the feathers from other sources of damage; insects, dust, light exposure and over handling for example. These boxes are easily found on the internet and start from around �20.

White Ostrich Feathers

Cleaning Ostrich Feathers

Despite how well the ostrich feathers are stored they will eventually need to be cleaned. We will now outline a couple of methods as to how this can be achieved. If the feathers are carrying dust or other easily removable dirt then we would recommend brushing them. The best brushes to use would be a large artist's paintbrush (dry!) with natural bristles or, a soft baby brush. A soft brush is needed so that the plumage isn't damaged during the cleaning. Supporting the ostrich feather in one hand, brush in the direction of the plumage whilst applying a gentle pressure. After a few strokes the dust should be starting to clear from the feather. Take care not to apply too much pressure or brush against the plumage as this is likely to damage the feather.

Many people choose to clean their ostrich feathers using water. We would not recommend this unless it is really necessary. If it is necessary to wash the feathers then the following method should work. Clean each feather individually by rinsing it under lukewarm water, when the feather is damp apply a bit of baby shampoo to it and gently massage it into the ostrich feather by stroking in the direction of the plumage. With the shampoo rinsed from the feather, it can be left to dry overnight or a hairdryer can be used on its lowest setting. Using a hairdryer on the feather should take around 10 minutes. If the feather starts to lose any of its fullness, hold it over a pan of steaming water for a couple of minutes where the humidity should help get the feather back into great shape once more!

We hope this article has demonstrated how, by following a few easy maintenance tips, ostrich feathers can last for many years. If you are after some feathers for yourself then please take a look at our ostrich feathers.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

The History of the Green Man

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Wed, 13 Aug 2008 00:00:00 +0100

Who is the Green Man?

The Green Man is the representation of a face which is covered by leaves. These faces can take many forms but the most popular examples are to be found in sculptures and drawings. His leaves change colour depending upon the season he belongs to and from these leaves can sprout branches and/or other vegetation.

Roots of the Green Man

Trying to trace the origins of the Green Man is almost impossible to do. There are no records to show where he emerged from and so the original symbolism he held remains a mystery.

The earliest records we have of the Green Man start somewhere around 100AD in the Roman Empire. By the year 500, the Green Man was beginning to be used by the Christian church after the Bishop, Nicetius, salvaged some Green Man ruins from a Roman temple to decorate his cathedral.

An example of a green man plaque.

During the Reformation when the Roman religion of multiple Gods worship was replaced with Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, the Green Man was not used. However, with time he made a reappearance and can now been seen on many churches and cathedrals where he is used for decoration.

In fact, nobody actually knows what the original name was for the Green Man. It was the scholar, Lady Raglan, who coined the term whilst writing an article on him. She struck on the name after likening the Green Man to other cultural figures and believed the Green Man deserved cultural status too!

The Green Man in Culture

Different cultures view the Green Man in wildly different ways. Whilst Pagan culture considers the Green Man a symbol of life, death and rebirth other faiths have not been so kind to him. For example, in Medieval Christian churches the Green Man takes on an autumnal appearance suggesting a nearness of death. He was considered a demon which represented the 'fall' of nature. Over time, the Christian churches began to adopt the Green Man as a symbol of life, death and rebirth also.

The Green Man today has a different meaning for most where he represents the cycle of nature. He is used to decorate many pubs and houses and, in fact, 'The Green Man' is one of the most popular pub names within the UK.

Gary Mullen from The Green Man.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

Origins and History of Singing Bowls

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Tue, 05 Aug 2008 00:00:00 +0100

Where it all started

Although no one can be sure as to when the singing bowl first came into use there is evidence to suggest that they did not originate, as many would assume, in Tibet. Countries on the Asian continent were using metal bowls to produce sounds as far back as 1100BC. Over the years that followed the study of sound and vibration had grown so advanced that by 500BC China was producing 'fountain bowls'. These bronze bowls had two handles and could be filled with water. When the two handles were rubbed together a fountain of water would rise up and the bowl would produce a humming sound.

An example of a hand-beaten singing bowl

The knowledge of singing bowl production would have spread throughout Asia along established trade routes. Many believe that the Buddha, Padmasambhava, crossed the Himalaya mountains from India into Tibet. He bought the teachings of the Buddha into the country and also the knowledge of singing bowls. Contrary to popular belief, singing bowls were not used during any religious practices but were used instead as begging bowls and for food. During this period monasteries only used the singing bowl as a chalice.

Why were they produced?

If the singing bowl was not produced for religious practice then the obvious question is: what were they used for? There are accounts of travelling smiths who would make the bowls with materials gathered during their travels. Other theories suggest it was the monks themselves that produced the bowls. If so though, why were they used for eating and not meditation? What was the reason for having the bowls 'sing'? The fact is no one can be entirely sure who produced the earliest singing bowls as there is no concrete evidence to support either theory.

However, there are theories that the monks did in fact use the bowls for religious purposes. But, rather than being used during mediation the bowls were used instead as sacrificial dishes. The singing from the bowls was to reinforce them message that each sacrifice was being offered harmoniously. Therefore, even though the bowls would never be rung they still had to be pure in every respect.

�� A display of singing bowls inside a monastery

How were they made?

Ancient singing bowls were traditionally made of seven various metals, each one symbolising a different planet in the solar system. The sound produced by the singing bowls would vary depending upon how the different quantities of metals were mixed together. The metals would be combined to form an alloy which would be left to cool before being beaten into the familiar bowl shape. However, each of these ancient bowls varies and can have more or less than the seven traditionally used metals. This would support the theories that it was the travelling smiths who produced the bowls as, during their travels, not all the metals would have been available which explains why each bowl might be of a different composition.

Today's singing bowls are either made by machine or are hand beaten into shape. Here is a selection from HandcraftedUK; Tibetan singing bowls.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.

An Introduction to Various African Instruments

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Mon, 04 Aug 2008 00:00:00 +0100

Introduction

Africa is a vast continent with an immense history and numerous cultures. As such, there are also a great number of different instruments throughout the land. This article will introduce some of the most common ones and their place in African culture.

The Instruments

	Cabasa (also known as axatse or shekere) - The cabasa is an African instrument made from gourd and is covered with seeds or shells. It is played by striking on the legs and hands in different combinations. Hitting the top of the instrument produces a deep drum-like tone. Because gourds are used to make the instruments, and they all differ in shape, no two cabasas ever produce the same sound. The instrument is used in folkloric music, particularly by the Yoruba people of Nigeria.
	Agog� (also known as cowbell or gonkogui) - Like the cabasa, the agog� is an African instrument that has it's roots in Yoruba music. The two bells on the agog� differ in size; the smaller bell produces a high tone whilst the larger bell produces a low tone. The agog� is considered to be among the oldest samba instruments and is used in many Yoruba religious ceremonies. Through African slavery, the instrument was introduced into other countries and used in new religions established outside the African continent.
	Djembe - The djembe is an African instrument that emerged in the Mali Empire during the 12th Century. The drums vary in size but all have a skin covering which, when beaten with the hands in various rhythms, produces a wide range of tones. Many djembe drums are made from a single carved piece of wood and covered with a toughened goat skin.
	Juju - The juju is an African instrument made from dried palm nut shells and wood. The instrument is played very similar to a maraca with the shaking of one producing a percussive sound. Like many African instruments, the Juju is used during many Yoruba ceremonies. Today, it is used very frequently in Nigerian music.
	Talking Drum - The talking drum is a West African instrument which is shaped like an hourglass. Both ends of the drum have a head which is beaten with a stick. Tightening the strings of the drum can change the tone to such an extent that some tribes use the differing tones as a means of communication. The Talking Drum originated in the ancient Ghana Empire over one thousand years ago.
	Thumb Piano - There are hundreds of different thumb pianos on the African continent. The Mbira (left) is one such instrument. Constructed from hardwood and metal, the instrument is played by supporting the piano with one hand whilst using the thumb and index finger of the other hand to pluck the keys. Thumb pianos hold much religious and social significance in Africa. The Shona people of Zimbabwe have been using the Mbira for over 1500 years during their religious and social ceremonies.

The six instruments introduced above are just a few of the many that are used throughout Africa. There are literally thousands of different instruments used by hundreds of different tribes so obviously, we would be unable to cover every one of them!

African Instruments from HandcraftedUK.

The Origins and History of the Djembe

Administrator (admin@localhost.com) — Mon, 04 Aug 2008 00:00:00 +0100

The Early History

The djembe is believed to date back as early as the 5th century. Many believe that blacksmiths from the Mandinka and Susa peoples were the ones who created the drums. Over time, the migration of these blacksmiths throughout West Africa is believed to have been the reason the djembe became more widespread across West Africa. However, it was not until the emergence the Mandinka people of the Mail Empire that recorded history of djembe began. In Mali, the drums are considered an instrument that can be played to create an ambience during important ceremonies. The drums are so named because they were originally constructed with wood from the jem tree; trees found in Mali that have a very dense wood. The wood is carved into an hourglass shape before being skinned with goat hide.

A typical example of a djembe drum

In fact djembe wasn�t even the original name given to the drums! Originally called jembe's, it was the French colonists who modified the spelling to djembe. The reasoning behind this is that, in the French language the 'j' sound has a different pronunciation to the English. So, in order to highlight the hard 'j' sound the �d� was introduced to the beginning of the word.

Many historians believe cryptic messages were communicated between people using djembe�s. Because the djembe can be played to produce a variable range of tones, these variables can be used to construct a musical language. Through varying the tones, 'hidden' messages could be passed between groups of people. Outsiders were unaware of the code and this made the djembe an invaluable tool to communication during periods of African oppression.

Recent History

It took many years for the drums to be introduced to countries outside of West Africa. They reached Paris in the 1940's, but became more popular in the 50's and 60's with the world tour of Les ballets Africains; a ballet company who use the stage to help their audience form an understanding of African culture. Within the last twenty years numerous drumming circles have incorporated djembe drums into their ensembles.

The djembe is now widely available throughout the world. The instrument that started life as a drum which cultural significance to many West Africans has now been embraced by people from all walks of life.

Djembe from HandcraftedUK.

Reprint Rights
You may reproduce the content of this article onto your own website. However, to do so you must include a link back to HandcraftedUK. Thank you.